Men have
preserved their foods from ancient times in order to keep the results of
harvesting for winter months, for resale, for storage, and for transporting from
sea to inland, overseas, or cross-country. To do so, they generally used
nature's methods, which are drying, parching and fermenting. Parching is the
most natural method, but for many thousands of years, others have also been
used. Direct fermentation of liquids, usually by the introduction of yeast, has
not only preserved liquids but also enhanced their quality, the same of course
applying to salting. Smoking has preserved, and sometimes improved both fish
and meat. Hickory wood is generally used for the fires, and natural juices are
contained by a slight coating of wood creosote.
It was not until
recently that the causes of rottenness were understood, these being the
reactions of bacteria, moulds, yeasts and micro-organisms. Some fermentation
and moulds are, of course, necessary in the production of food and drink;
moulds, for example, being used in cheese-making. But the real 'breakthrough'
in preservation against the causes of rottenness came, when it was learnt how
to deal with the micro-organisms present in all foods and drinks, and which
react chemically over a period to produce unpalatable or poisonous food or
drink. There are three basic methods.
Firstly, food may
be preserved by cooling or freezing, to a very low temperature when long-term
preservation is required. This was originally done by packing in a mixture of
salt and ice; today, cold storage is big business and refrigeration is a
highly-developed science. 'Dehydration' may be bracketed with this method, as
the principle involved is the same, namely to suspend the operation of bacteria
which requires normal temperatures for chemical reaction. This is why
reconstituted eggs cannot against dehydrated, and melted ice-cream refrozen.
the second method of destruction is by heat-processes, which destroy all the
bacteria present in food and drink. This process is used before canning foods
in hermetically-sealed containers, great care being taken not to allow the
foods or drink s to become re-infested after cooling and before canning. the
third method is to preserve by the addition of chemicals, which control or
destroy bacteria. this is merely a follow-up of the old systems of salting,
smoking and candling.
Eventually, the
method of 'cold sterilization' is expected to supersede most of the others; this
amounts to exposing the food-stuffs to ionizing radiation.
Today more than mere
food-preservation is sought by the consumer, and for this reason, processes are
becoming more and more sophisticated. Quality, economy and convenience are
sought by modern man -- especially modern woman -- convenience is important,
the 'ready-cooked' meal is popular, while, in Western, or 'Westernized'
communities, goods do not sell easily if they lack color, a good appearance,
natural flavor, the right texture, and are free from defects.
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